### 21.2 Elapsed Time

One way to represent an elapsed time is with a simple arithmetic data type, as with the following function to compute the elapsed time between two calendar times. This function is declared in `time.h`.

— Function: double difftime (time_t time1, time_t time0)

> The `difftime` function returns the number of seconds of elapsed time between calendar time time1 and calendar time time0, as a value of type `double`. The difference ignores leap seconds unless leap second support is enabled.

> In the GNU C Library, you can simply subtract `time_t` values. But on other systems, the `time_t` data type might use some other encoding where subtraction doesn't work directly.

The GNU C Library provides two data types specifically for representing an elapsed time. They are used by various GNU C Library functions, and you can use them for your own purposes too. They're exactly the same except that one has a resolution in microseconds, and the other, newer one, is in nanoseconds.

— Data Type: struct timeval

> The `struct timeval` structure represents an elapsed time. It is declared in `sys/time.h` and has the following members:

> `long int tv_sec`
>   This represents the number of whole seconds of elapsed time.
> `long int tv_usec`
>   This is the rest of the elapsed time (a fraction of a second), represented as the number of microseconds. It is always less than one million.

— Data Type: struct timespec

> The `struct timespec` structure represents an elapsed time. It is declared in `time.h` and has the following members:

> `long int tv_sec`
>   This represents the number of whole seconds of elapsed time.
> `long int tv_nsec`
>   This is the rest of the elapsed time (a fraction of a second), represented as the number of nanoseconds. It is always less than one billion.

It is often necessary to subtract two values of type `struct timeval` or `struct timespec`. Here is the best way to do this. It works even on some peculiar operating systems where the `tv_sec` member has an unsigned type.

         /* Subtract the `struct timeval' values X and Y,
            storing the result in RESULT.
            Return 1 if the difference is negative, otherwise 0. */

         int
         timeval_subtract (result, x, y)
              struct timeval *result, *x, *y;
         {
           /* Perform the carry for the later subtraction by updating y. */
           if (x->tv_usec < y->tv_usec) {
             int nsec = (y->tv_usec - x->tv_usec) / 1000000 + 1;
             y->tv_usec -= 1000000 * nsec;
             y->tv_sec += nsec;
           }
           if (x->tv_usec - y->tv_usec > 1000000) {
             int nsec = (x->tv_usec - y->tv_usec) / 1000000;
             y->tv_usec += 1000000 * nsec;
             y->tv_sec -= nsec;
           }

           /* Compute the time remaining to wait.
              tv_usec is certainly positive. */
           result->tv_sec = x->tv_sec - y->tv_sec;
           result->tv_usec = x->tv_usec - y->tv_usec;

           /* Return 1 if result is negative. */
           return x->tv_sec < y->tv_sec;
         }

Common functions that use `struct timeval` are `gettimeofday` and `settimeofday`.

There are no GNU C Library functions specifically oriented toward dealing with elapsed times, but the calendar time, processor time, and alarm and sleeping functions have a lot to do with them.