#### 21.4.5 Formatting Calendar Time

The functions described in this section format calendar time values as strings. These functions are declared in the header file `time.h`.

— Function: char * asctime (const struct tm *brokentime)

> The `asctime` function converts the broken-down time value that brokentime points to into a string in a standard format:

>               "Tue May 21 13:46:22 1991\n"

> The abbreviations for the days of week are: ‘`Sun`’, ‘`Mon`’, ‘`Tue`’, ‘`Wed`’, ‘`Thu`’, ‘`Fri`’, and ‘`Sat`’.

> The abbreviations for the months are: ‘`Jan`’, ‘`Feb`’, ‘`Mar`’, ‘`Apr`’, ‘`May`’, ‘`Jun`’, ‘`Jul`’, ‘`Aug`’, ‘`Sep`’, ‘`Oct`’, ‘`Nov`’, and ‘`Dec`’.

> The return value points to a statically allocated string, which might be overwritten by subsequent calls to `asctime` or `ctime`. (But no other library function overwrites the contents of this string.)

— Function: char * asctime_r (const struct tm *brokentime, char *buffer)

> This function is similar to `asctime` but instead of placing the result in a static buffer it writes the string in the buffer pointed to by the parameter buffer. This buffer should have room for at least 26 bytes, including the terminating null.

> If no error occurred the function returns a pointer to the string the result was written into, i.e., it returns buffer. Otherwise return `NULL`.

— Function: char * ctime (const time_t *time)

> The `ctime` function is similar to `asctime`, except that you specify the calendar time argument as a `time_t` simple time value rather than in broken-down local time format. It is equivalent to

>               asctime (localtime (time))

> `ctime` sets the variable `tzname`, because `localtime` does so. See Time Zone Functions.

— Function: char * ctime_r (const time_t *time, char *buffer)

> This function is similar to `ctime`, but places the result in the string pointed to by buffer. It is equivalent to (written using gcc extensions, see Statement Exprs):

>               ({ struct tm tm; asctime_r (localtime_r (time, &tm), buf); })

> If no error occurred the function returns a pointer to the string the result was written into, i.e., it returns buffer. Otherwise return `NULL`.

— Function: size_t strftime (char *s, size_t size, const char *template, const struct tm *brokentime)

> This function is similar to the `sprintf` function (see Formatted Input), but the conversion specifications that can appear in the format template template are specialized for printing components of the date and time brokentime according to the locale currently specified for time conversion (see Locales).

> Ordinary characters appearing in the template are copied to the output string s; this can include multibyte character sequences. Conversion specifiers are introduced by a ‘`%`’ character, followed by an optional flag which can be one of the following. These flags are all GNU extensions. The first three affect only the output of numbers:

> `_`
>   The number is padded with spaces.
> `-`
>   The number is not padded at all.
> `0`
>   The number is padded with zeros even if the format specifies padding with spaces.
> `^`
>   The output uses uppercase characters, but only if this is possible (see Case Conversion).

> The default action is to pad the number with zeros to keep it a constant width. Numbers that do not have a range indicated below are never padded, since there is no natural width for them.

> Following the flag an optional specification of the width is possible. This is specified in decimal notation. If the natural size of the output is of the field has less than the specified number of characters, the result is written right adjusted and space padded to the given size.

> An optional modifier can follow the optional flag and width specification. The modifiers, which were first standardized by POSIX.2-1992 and by ISO C99, are:

> `E`
>   Use the locale's alternate representation for date and time. This modifier applies to the `%c`, `%C`, `%x`, `%X`, `%y` and `%Y` format specifiers. In a Japanese locale, for example, `%Ex` might yield a date format based on the Japanese Emperors' reigns.
> `O`
>   Use the locale's alternate numeric symbols for numbers. This modifier applies only to numeric format specifiers.

> If the format supports the modifier but no alternate representation is available, it is ignored.

> The conversion specifier ends with a format specifier taken from the following list. The whole ‘`%`’ sequence is replaced in the output string as follows:

> `%a`
>   The abbreviated weekday name according to the current locale.
> `%A`
>   The full weekday name according to the current locale.
> `%b`
>   The abbreviated month name according to the current locale.
> `%B`
>   The full month name according to the current locale.

>   Using `%B` together with `%d` produces grammatically incorrect results for some locales.

> `%c`
>   The preferred calendar time representation for the current locale.
> `%C`
>   The century of the year. This is equivalent to the greatest integer not greater than the year divided by 100.

>   This format was first standardized by POSIX.2-1992 and by ISO C99.

> `%d`
>   The day of the month as a decimal number (range `01` through `31`).
> `%D`
>   The date using the format `%m/%d/%y`.

>   This format was first standardized by POSIX.2-1992 and by ISO C99.

> `%e`
>   The day of the month like with `%d`, but padded with blank (range `1` through `31`).

>   This format was first standardized by POSIX.2-1992 and by ISO C99.

> `%F`
>   The date using the format `%Y-%m-%d`. This is the form specified in the ISO 8601 standard and is the preferred form for all uses.

>   This format was first standardized by ISO C99 and by POSIX.1-2001.

> `%g`
>   The year corresponding to the ISO week number, but without the century (range `00` through `99`). This has the same format and value as `%y`, except that if the ISO week number (see `%V`) belongs to the previous or next year, that year is used instead.

>   This format was first standardized by ISO C99 and by POSIX.1-2001.

> `%G`
>   The year corresponding to the ISO week number. This has the same format and value as `%Y`, except that if the ISO week number (see `%V`) belongs to the previous or next year, that year is used instead.

>   This format was first standardized by ISO C99 and by POSIX.1-2001 but was previously available as a GNU extension.

> `%h`
>   The abbreviated month name according to the current locale. The action is the same as for `%b`.

>   This format was first standardized by POSIX.2-1992 and by ISO C99.

> `%H`
>   The hour as a decimal number, using a 24-hour clock (range `00` through `23`).
> `%I`
>   The hour as a decimal number, using a 12-hour clock (range `01` through `12`).
> `%j`
>   The day of the year as a decimal number (range `001` through `366`).
> `%k`
>   The hour as a decimal number, using a 24-hour clock like `%H`, but padded with blank (range `0` through `23`).

>   This format is a GNU extension.

> `%l`
>   The hour as a decimal number, using a 12-hour clock like `%I`, but padded with blank (range `1` through `12`).

>   This format is a GNU extension.

> `%m`
>   The month as a decimal number (range `01` through `12`).
> `%M`
>   The minute as a decimal number (range `00` through `59`).
> `%n`
>   A single ‘`\n`’ (newline) character.

>   This format was first standardized by POSIX.2-1992 and by ISO C99.

> `%p`
>   Either ‘`AM`’ or ‘`PM`’, according to the given time value; or the corresponding strings for the current locale. Noon is treated as ‘`PM`’ and midnight as ‘`AM`’. In most locales ‘`AM`’/‘`PM`’ format is not supported, in such cases `"%p"` yields an empty string.
> `%P`
>   Either ‘`am`’ or ‘`pm`’, according to the given time value; or the corresponding strings for the current locale, printed in lowercase characters. Noon is treated as ‘`pm`’ and midnight as ‘`am`’. In most locales ‘`AM`’/‘`PM`’ format is not supported, in such cases `"%P"` yields an empty string.

>   This format is a GNU extension.

> `%r`
>   The complete calendar time using the AM/PM format of the current locale.

>   This format was first standardized by POSIX.2-1992 and by ISO C99. In the POSIX locale, this format is equivalent to `%I:%M:%S %p`.

> `%R`
>   The hour and minute in decimal numbers using the format `%H:%M`.

>   This format was first standardized by ISO C99 and by POSIX.1-2001 but was previously available as a GNU extension.

> `%s`
>   The number of seconds since the epoch, i.e., since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC. Leap seconds are not counted unless leap second support is available.

>   This format is a GNU extension.

> `%S`
>   The seconds as a decimal number (range `00` through `60`).
> `%t`
>   A single ‘`\t`’ (tabulator) character.

>   This format was first standardized by POSIX.2-1992 and by ISO C99.

> `%T`
>   The time of day using decimal numbers using the format `%H:%M:%S`.

>   This format was first standardized by POSIX.2-1992 and by ISO C99.

> `%u`
>   The day of the week as a decimal number (range `1` through `7`), Monday being `1`.

>   This format was first standardized by POSIX.2-1992 and by ISO C99.

> `%U`
>   The week number of the current year as a decimal number (range `00` through `53`), starting with the first Sunday as the first day of the first week. Days preceding the first Sunday in the year are considered to be in week `00`.
> `%V`
>   The ISO 8601:1988 week number as a decimal number (range `01` through `53`). ISO weeks start with Monday and end with Sunday. Week `01` of a year is the first week which has the majority of its days in that year; this is equivalent to the week containing the year's first Thursday, and it is also equivalent to the week containing January 4. Week `01` of a year can contain days from the previous year. The week before week `01` of a year is the last week (`52` or `53`) of the previous year even if it contains days from the new year.

>   This format was first standardized by POSIX.2-1992 and by ISO C99.

> `%w`
>   The day of the week as a decimal number (range `0` through `6`), Sunday being `0`.
> `%W`
>   The week number of the current year as a decimal number (range `00` through `53`), starting with the first Monday as the first day of the first week. All days preceding the first Monday in the year are considered to be in week `00`.
> `%x`
>   The preferred date representation for the current locale.
> `%X`
>   The preferred time of day representation for the current locale.
> `%y`
>   The year without a century as a decimal number (range `00` through `99`). This is equivalent to the year modulo 100.
> `%Y`
>   The year as a decimal number, using the Gregorian calendar. Years before the year `1` are numbered `0`, `-1`, and so on.
> `%z`
>   RFC 822/ISO 8601:1988 style numeric time zone (e.g., `-0600` or `+0100`), or nothing if no time zone is determinable.

>   This format was first standardized by ISO C99 and by POSIX.1-2001 but was previously available as a GNU extension.

>   In the POSIX locale, a full RFC 822 timestamp is generated by the format ‘`"%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S %z"`’ (or the equivalent ‘`"%a, %d %b %Y %T %z"`’).

> `%Z`
>   The time zone abbreviation (empty if the time zone can't be determined).
> `%%`
>   A literal ‘`%`’ character.

> The size parameter can be used to specify the maximum number of characters to be stored in the array s, including the terminating null character. If the formatted time requires more than size characters, `strftime` returns zero and the contents of the array s are undefined. Otherwise the return value indicates the number of characters placed in the array s, not including the terminating null character.

> Warning: This convention for the return value which is prescribed in ISO C can lead to problems in some situations. For certain format strings and certain locales the output really can be the empty string and this cannot be discovered by testing the return value only. E.g., in most locales the AM/PM time format is not supported (most of the world uses the 24 hour time representation). In such locales `"%p"` will return the empty string, i.e., the return value is zero. To detect situations like this something similar to the following code should be used:

>               buf[0] = '\1';
>               len = strftime (buf, bufsize, format, tp);
>               if (len == 0 && buf[0] != '\0')
>                 {
>                   /* Something went wrong in the strftime call.  */
>                   ...
>                 }

> If s is a null pointer, `strftime` does not actually write anything, but instead returns the number of characters it would have written.

> According to POSIX.1 every call to `strftime` implies a call to `tzset`. So the contents of the environment variable `TZ` is examined before any output is produced.

> For an example of `strftime`, see Time Functions Example.

— Function: size_t wcsftime (wchar_t *s, size_t size, const wchar_t *template, const struct tm *brokentime)

> The `wcsftime` function is equivalent to the `strftime` function with the difference that it operates on wide character strings. The buffer where the result is stored, pointed to by s, must be an array of wide characters. The parameter size which specifies the size of the output buffer gives the number of wide character, not the number of bytes.

> Also the format string template is a wide character string. Since all characters needed to specify the format string are in the basic character set it is portably possible to write format strings in the C source code using the `L"..."` notation. The parameter brokentime has the same meaning as in the `strftime` call.

> The `wcsftime` function supports the same flags, modifiers, and format specifiers as the `strftime` function.

> The return value of `wcsftime` is the number of wide characters stored in `s`. When more characters would have to be written than can be placed in the buffer s the return value is zero, with the same problems indicated in the `strftime` documentation.