### 13.9 Synchronizing I/O operations

In most modern operating systems, the normal I/O operations are not executed synchronously. I.e., even if a `write` system call returns, this does not mean the data is actually written to the media, e.g., the disk.

In situations where synchronization points are necessary, you can use special functions which ensure that all operations finish before they return.

— Function: void sync (void)

> A call to this function will not return as long as there is data which has not been written to the device. All dirty buffers in the kernel will be written and so an overall consistent system can be achieved (if no other process in parallel writes data).

> A prototype for `sync` can be found in `unistd.h`.

Programs more often want to ensure that data written to a given file is committed, rather than all data in the system. For this, `sync` is overkill.

— Function: int fsync (int fildes)

> The `fsync` function can be used to make sure all data associated with the open file fildes is written to the device associated with the descriptor. The function call does not return unless all actions have finished.

> A prototype for `fsync` can be found in `unistd.h`.

> This function is a cancellation point in multi-threaded programs. This is a problem if the thread allocates some resources (like memory, file descriptors, semaphores or whatever) at the time `fsync` is called. If the thread gets canceled these resources stay allocated until the program ends. To avoid this, calls to `fsync` should be protected using cancellation handlers.

> The return value of the function is zero if no error occurred. Otherwise it is -1 and the global variable errno is set to the following values:

> `EBADF`
>   The descriptor fildes is not valid.
> `EINVAL`
>   No synchronization is possible since the system does not implement this.

Sometimes it is not even necessary to write all data associated with a file descriptor. E.g., in database files which do not change in size it is enough to write all the file content data to the device. Meta-information, like the modification time etc., are not that important and leaving such information uncommitted does not prevent a successful recovering of the file in case of a problem.

— Function: int fdatasync (int fildes)

> When a call to the `fdatasync` function returns, it is ensured that all of the file data is written to the device. For all pending I/O operations, the parts guaranteeing data integrity finished.

> Not all systems implement the `fdatasync` operation. On systems missing this functionality `fdatasync` is emulated by a call to `fsync` since the performed actions are a superset of those required by `fdatasync`.

> The prototype for `fdatasync` is in `unistd.h`.

> The return value of the function is zero if no error occurred. Otherwise it is -1 and the global variable errno is set to the following values:

> `EBADF`
>   The descriptor fildes is not valid.
> `EINVAL`
>   No synchronization is possible since the system does not implement this.