#### 7.1.4 Interoperable Subroutines and Functions

Subroutines and functions have to have the `BIND(C)` attribute to be compatible with C. The dummy argument declaration is relatively straightforward. However, one needs to be careful because C uses call-by-value by default while Fortran behaves usually similar to call-by-reference. Furthermore, strings and pointers are handled differently. Note that in Fortran 2003 and 2008 only explicit size and assumed-size arrays are supported but not assumed-shape or deferred-shape (i.e. allocatable or pointer) arrays. However, those are allowed since the Technical Specification 29113, see Further Interoperability of Fortran with C

To pass a variable by value, use the `VALUE` attribute. Thus, the following C prototype

         int func(int i, int *j)

matches the Fortran declaration

           integer(c_int) function func(i,j)
             use iso_c_binding, only: c_int
             integer(c_int), VALUE :: i
             integer(c_int) :: j

Note that pointer arguments also frequently need the `VALUE` attribute, see Working with Pointers.

Strings are handled quite differently in C and Fortran. In C a string is a `NUL`-terminated array of characters while in Fortran each string has a length associated with it and is thus not terminated (by e.g. `NUL`). For example, if one wants to use the following C function,

           #include <stdio.h>
           void print_C(char *string) /* equivalent: char string[]  */
           {
              printf("%s\n", string);
           }

to print “Hello World” from Fortran, one can call it using

           use iso_c_binding, only: C_CHAR, C_NULL_CHAR
           interface
             subroutine print_c(string) bind(C, name="print_C")
               use iso_c_binding, only: c_char
               character(kind=c_char) :: string(*)
             end subroutine print_c
           end interface
           call print_c(C_CHAR_"Hello World"//C_NULL_CHAR)

As the example shows, one needs to ensure that the string is `NUL` terminated. Additionally, the dummy argument string of `print_C` is a length-one assumed-size array; using `character(len=*)` is not allowed. The example above uses `c_char_"Hello World"` to ensure the string literal has the right type; typically the default character kind and `c_char` are the same and thus `"Hello World"` is equivalent. However, the standard does not guarantee this.

The use of strings is now further illustrated using the C library function `strncpy`, whose prototype is

           char *strncpy(char *restrict s1, const char *restrict s2, size_t n);

The function `strncpy` copies at most n characters from string s2 to s1 and returns s1. In the following example, we ignore the return value:

           use iso_c_binding
           implicit none
           character(len=30) :: str,str2
           interface
             ! Ignore the return value of strncpy -> subroutine
             ! "restrict" is always assumed if we do not pass a pointer
             subroutine strncpy(dest, src, n) bind(C)
               import
               character(kind=c_char),  intent(out) :: dest(*)
               character(kind=c_char),  intent(in)  :: src(*)
               integer(c_size_t), value, intent(in) :: n
             end subroutine strncpy
           end interface
           str = repeat('X',30) ! Initialize whole string with 'X'
           call strncpy(str, c_char_"Hello World"//C_NULL_CHAR, &
                        len(c_char_"Hello World",kind=c_size_t))
           print '(a)', str ! prints: "Hello WorldXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX"
           end

The intrinsic procedures are described in Intrinsic Procedures.