#### 7.1.5 Working with Pointers

C pointers are represented in Fortran via the special opaque derived type `type(c_ptr)` (with private components). Thus one needs to use intrinsic conversion procedures to convert from or to C pointers.

For some applications, using an assumed type (`TYPE(*)`) can be an alternative to a C pointer; see Further Interoperability of Fortran with C.

For example,

           use iso_c_binding
           type(c_ptr) :: cptr1, cptr2
           integer, target :: array(7), scalar
           integer, pointer :: pa(:), ps
           cptr1 = c_loc(array(1)) ! The programmer needs to ensure that the
                                   ! array is contiguous if required by the C
                                   ! procedure
           cptr2 = c_loc(scalar)
           call c_f_pointer(cptr2, ps)
           call c_f_pointer(cptr2, pa, shape=[7])

When converting C to Fortran arrays, the one-dimensional `SHAPE` argument has to be passed.

If a pointer is a dummy-argument of an interoperable procedure, it usually has to be declared using the `VALUE` attribute. `void*` matches `TYPE(C_PTR), VALUE`, while `TYPE(C_PTR)` alone matches `void**`.

Procedure pointers are handled analogously to pointers; the C type is `TYPE(C_FUNPTR)` and the intrinsic conversion procedures are `C_F_PROCPOINTER` and `C_FUNLOC`.

Let us consider two examples of actually passing a procedure pointer from C to Fortran and vice versa. Note that these examples are also very similar to passing ordinary pointers between both languages. First, consider this code in C:

         /* Procedure implemented in Fortran.  */
         void get_values (void (*)(double));

         /* Call-back routine we want called from Fortran.  */
         void
         print_it (double x)
         {
           printf ("Number is %f.\n", x);
         }

         /* Call Fortran routine and pass call-back to it.  */
         void
         foobar ()
         {
           get_values (&print_it);
         }

A matching implementation for `get_values` in Fortran, that correctly receives the procedure pointer from C and is able to call it, is given in the following `MODULE`:

         MODULE m
           IMPLICIT NONE

           ! Define interface of call-back routine.
           ABSTRACT INTERFACE
             SUBROUTINE callback (x)
               USE, INTRINSIC :: ISO_C_BINDING
               REAL(KIND=C_DOUBLE), INTENT(IN), VALUE :: x
             END SUBROUTINE callback
           END INTERFACE

         CONTAINS

           ! Define C-bound procedure.
           SUBROUTINE get_values (cproc) BIND(C)
             USE, INTRINSIC :: ISO_C_BINDING
             TYPE(C_FUNPTR), INTENT(IN), VALUE :: cproc

             PROCEDURE(callback), POINTER :: proc

             ! Convert C to Fortran procedure pointer.
             CALL C_F_PROCPOINTER (cproc, proc)

             ! Call it.
             CALL proc (1.0_C_DOUBLE)
             CALL proc (-42.0_C_DOUBLE)
             CALL proc (18.12_C_DOUBLE)
           END SUBROUTINE get_values

         END MODULE m

Next, we want to call a C routine that expects a procedure pointer argument and pass it a Fortran procedure (which clearly must be interoperable!). Again, the C function may be:

         int
         call_it (int (*func)(int), int arg)
         {
           return func (arg);
         }

It can be used as in the following Fortran code:

         MODULE m
           USE, INTRINSIC :: ISO_C_BINDING
           IMPLICIT NONE

           ! Define interface of C function.
           INTERFACE
             INTEGER(KIND=C_INT) FUNCTION call_it (func, arg) BIND(C)
               USE, INTRINSIC :: ISO_C_BINDING
               TYPE(C_FUNPTR), INTENT(IN), VALUE :: func
               INTEGER(KIND=C_INT), INTENT(IN), VALUE :: arg
             END FUNCTION call_it
           END INTERFACE

         CONTAINS

           ! Define procedure passed to C function.
           ! It must be interoperable!
           INTEGER(KIND=C_INT) FUNCTION double_it (arg) BIND(C)
             INTEGER(KIND=C_INT), INTENT(IN), VALUE :: arg
             double_it = arg + arg
           END FUNCTION double_it

           ! Call C function.
           SUBROUTINE foobar ()
             TYPE(C_FUNPTR) :: cproc
             INTEGER(KIND=C_INT) :: i

             ! Get C procedure pointer.
             cproc = C_FUNLOC (double_it)

             ! Use it.
             DO i = 1_C_INT, 10_C_INT
               PRINT *, call_it (cproc, i)
             END DO
           END SUBROUTINE foobar

         END MODULE m