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#### 14.9.7 Assigning File Permissions

The primitive functions for creating files (for example, `open` or `mkdir`) take a mode argument, which specifies the file permissions to give the newly created file. This mode is modified by the process's file creation mask, or umask, before it is used.

The bits that are set in the file creation mask identify permissions that are always to be disabled for newly created files. For example, if you set all the “other” access bits in the mask, then newly created files are not accessible at all to processes in the “other” category, even if the mode argument passed to the create function would permit such access. In other words, the file creation mask is the complement of the ordinary access permissions you want to grant.

Programs that create files typically specify a mode argument that includes all the permissions that make sense for the particular file. For an ordinary file, this is typically read and write permission for all classes of users. These permissions are then restricted as specified by the individual user's own file creation mask.

To change the permission of an existing file given its name, call `chmod`. This function uses the specified permission bits and ignores the file creation mask.

In normal use, the file creation mask is initialized by the user's login shell (using the `umask` shell command), and inherited by all subprocesses. Application programs normally don't need to worry about the file creation mask. It will automatically do what it is supposed to do.

When your program needs to create a file and bypass the umask for its access permissions, the easiest way to do this is to use `fchmod` after opening the file, rather than changing the umask. In fact, changing the umask is usually done only by shells. They use the `umask` function.

The functions in this section are declared in `sys/stat.h`.

— Function: mode_t umask (mode_t mask)

> The `umask` function sets the file creation mask of the current process to mask, and returns the previous value of the file creation mask.

> Here is an example showing how to read the mask with `umask` without changing it permanently:

>               mode_t
>               read_umask (void)
>               {
>                 mode_t mask = umask (0);
>                 umask (mask);
>                 return mask;
>               }

> However, on GNU/Hurd systems it is better to use `getumask` if you just want to read the mask value, because it is reentrant.

— Function: mode_t getumask (void)

> Return the current value of the file creation mask for the current process. This function is a GNU extension and is only available on GNU/Hurd systems.

— Function: int chmod (const char *filename, mode_t mode)

> The `chmod` function sets the access permission bits for the file named by filename to mode.

> If filename is a symbolic link, `chmod` changes the permissions of the file pointed to by the link, not those of the link itself.

> This function returns `0` if successful and `-1` if not. In addition to the usual file name errors (see File Name Errors), the following `errno` error conditions are defined for this function:

> `ENOENT`
>   The named file doesn't exist.
> `EPERM`
>   This process does not have permission to change the access permissions of this file. Only the file's owner (as judged by the effective user ID of the process) or a privileged user can change them.
> `EROFS`
>   The file resides on a read-only file system.
> `EFTYPE`
>   mode has the `S_ISVTX` bit (the “sticky bit”) set, and the named file is not a directory. Some systems do not allow setting the sticky bit on non-directory files, and some do (and only some of those assign a useful meaning to the bit for non-directory files).

>   You only get `EFTYPE` on systems where the sticky bit has no useful meaning for non-directory files, so it is always safe to just clear the bit in mode and call `chmod` again. See Permission Bits, for full details on the sticky bit.

— Function: int fchmod (int filedes, mode_t mode)

> This is like `chmod`, except that it changes the permissions of the currently open file given by filedes.

> The return value from `fchmod` is `0` on success and `-1` on failure. The following `errno` error codes are defined for this function:

> `EBADF`
>   The filedes argument is not a valid file descriptor.
> `EINVAL`
>   The filedes argument corresponds to a pipe or socket, or something else that doesn't really have access permissions.
> `EPERM`
>   This process does not have permission to change the access permissions of this file. Only the file's owner (as judged by the effective user ID of the process) or a privileged user can change them.
> `EROFS`
>   The file resides on a read-only file system.